Artificial rubber, also known as synthetic rubber, is a man-made elastomer that replicates the properties of natural rubber but offers various advantages in terms of cost, durability, and customization. The polymers used in artificial rubber formulations play a key role in defining its properties, making it suitable for different industrial applications.
In this article, we will delve into the polymer components of artificial rubber, exploring its types, applications, and how it differs from natural rubber. We will also discuss the history behind its invention and the significance of its polymers.
What is Artificial Rubber?
Artificial rubber, or synthetic rubber1, is created through the polymerization of monomers derived from petroleum-based chemicals. Unlike natural rubber, which is harvested from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis), synthetic rubber is manufactured by chemically synthesizing polymers from various raw materials.
The most commonly used monomers in synthetic rubber include styrene, butadiene, isoprene, and ethylene. These monomers are polymerized to create a range of rubber types, each designed for specific applications, from automotive parts to industrial seals.
1. Polybutadiene Rubber (BR)2
Polybutadiene is one of the most widely used types of synthetic rubber. It is primarily used in tire manufacturing due to its excellent wear resistance, low rolling resistance, and high elasticity.
2. Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)3
Styrene-butadiene rubber is a copolymer made from styrene and butadiene monomers. SBR is commonly used in tire production, as well as in footwear, belts, and hoses due to its good abrasion resistance and aging stability.
3. Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)
EPDM is a type of synthetic rubber widely used in applications requiring high heat, ozone, and weather resistance, such as seals, roofing, and automotive gaskets.
4. Nitrile Rubber (NBR)
Nitrile rubber is made from the polymerization of acrylonitrile and butadiene. It is known for its resistance to oil, fuel, and chemicals, making it ideal for gaskets, hoses, and seals in automotive and industrial applications.
What is Artificial Rubber Called?
Artificial rubber is also commonly referred to as synthetic rubber. The term “synthetic” indicates that the rubber is chemically synthesized rather than derived naturally from rubber trees. It is created through the polymerization of various monomers, which form the basic structure of the rubber polymer.
Some specific types of synthetic rubber include:
- Butyl Rubber (IIR)
- Chloroprene Rubber (CR)
- Fluoroelastomers (FKM)
- Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)
Each type of synthetic rubber is suited for different purposes, offering specialized properties like chemical resistance, flexibility, heat resistance, or low permeability.
Who Invented Artificial Rubber?
The invention of artificial rubber is credited to Charles Goodyear, an American inventor who is often associated with the process of vulcanization, which revolutionized the rubber industry. Although Goodyear did not invent synthetic rubber in its modern form, his discovery of vulcanization in 1839 laid the foundation for the production of artificial rubber.
However, the development of modern synthetic rubber began in the early 20th century. Bayer, a German chemical company, developed the first synthetic rubber, Buna, in 1909. Buna S, a styrene-butadiene copolymer, became one of the first commercially successful synthetic rubbers.
Timeline of Synthetic Rubber Development
- 1839: Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization.
- 1909: Bayer introduces Buna, the first synthetic rubber.
- 1930s: The development of neoprene (polychloroprene) for industrial use.
- 1940s: The creation of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) for use in tires during WWII.
- 1950s-1970s: The introduction of other specialized synthetic rubbers like EPDM, NBR, and fluoroelastomers.
What is the Difference Between Natural Rubber and Artificial Rubber?
While both natural and artificial rubber are elastomers, they differ significantly in terms of origin, composition, and properties.
| Property | Natural Rubber | Artificial Rubber (Synthetic) |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Harvested from rubber trees | Manufactured from petroleum-based chemicals |
| Polymer | Polyisoprene | Varies by type (SBR, BR, EPDM, etc.) |
| Elasticity | High elasticity | Can vary based on formulation |
| Weather Resistance | Susceptible to UV degradation | Highly resistant to weathering (especially EPDM) |
| Cost | Expensive | Generally cheaper |
| Durability | Good in many applications | Customized for specific properties (oil resistance, heat, etc.) |
| Applications | Footwear, tires, medical | Tires, automotive, industrial seals, electrical cables |
Conclusion
Artificial rubber, or synthetic rubber, plays a critical role in many industries, offering tailored properties that natural rubber cannot always provide. The primary polymers in synthetic rubber, including styrene-butadiene, polybutadiene, and EPDM, are specifically designed for performance in harsh environments. By understanding the differences and applications of both natural and synthetic rubber, industries can select the best material for their needs.
-
Discover the various applications and benefits of synthetic rubber in industries, enhancing your understanding of this crucial material. ↩
-
Learn about Polybutadiene Rubber's unique properties and its significance in tire manufacturing and other applications. ↩
-
Explore the industrial applications of SBR, a key material in tire production and other products, to understand its importance. ↩
